Journey through the events, people, wars and ideas that shaped Switzerland, from the first hunters between the Alps and the Jura to the present day.
Follow the lake-dwellers and the Helvetii, Roman Aventicum, the Burgundian and Frankish kings, the Federal Charter of 1291, Morgarten and the Burgundian Wars, Zwingli and Calvin, the Helvetic Republic, the Sonderbund War, the federal state of 1848, neutrality through two world wars and modern direct democracy.
Meet the chiefs, emperors, kings, diets and councils who ruled the Swiss lands, and the Presidents of the Confederation since 1848.
From the chiefs of the Helvetii and the Roman emperors through the Burgundian, Frankish and Holy Roman kings to the Federal Diet of the cantons, the Helvetic Republic, Napoleon's Mediation and the Federal Council.
A Journey Through the Ages
Switzerland lies between the Jura, the Swiss plateau and the Alps, at the meeting point of the German, French and Italian worlds. Hunters crossed the land between the ice ages, and after the glaciers retreated farmers built their villages on the shores of the Swiss lakes.
The Celtic Helvetii, Rome, the Burgundians, the Franks and the Holy Roman Empire ruled the region in turn. In 1291 the valleys of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden renewed an alliance that grew into a confederation of cantons, defeated the Habsburgs and Burgundy, and became independent of the Empire.
The Reformation divided the cantons, but they held together through four religious wars, French revolutionary occupation and Napoleon's Mediation. The federal state of 1848 built railways and direct democracy, stayed neutral through two world wars and became one of the world's richest countries, while keeping its distance from the European Union.
Explore the eight ages below through selected events from the timeline.
350,000 BCE – 45 BCE
From Ice Age hunters to the Helvetii.
Hunters crossed the land between the Alps and the Jura between the ice ages, and after the glaciers retreated farmers built villages on the shores of the Swiss lakes, the pile dwellings now on the UNESCO World Heritage list. In the Iron Age the Celtic Helvetii settled the plateau, with the Raurici, Raeti and Lepontii around them; their attempt to migrate to Gaul ended in defeat by Julius Caesar at Bibracte in 58 BCE.

Magdalenian hunters at Kesslerloch engraved the famous grazing reindeer on antler, some 15,000 to 12,000 years ago.

Farming reached the Swiss plateau in the sixth millennium BCE, and villages spread along its lakes and rivers.

Finds at La Tène on Lake Neuchâtel gave their name to the art and culture of the later Iron Age Celts.

In 58 BCE the Helvetii burned their towns to migrate to Gaul, and Julius Caesar defeated them at Bibracte.
44 BCE – 887
Roman Helvetia and the Frankish kingdoms.
Rome conquered the Alps in 15 BCE and ruled Helvetia for four centuries from Aventicum, Vindonissa and Augusta Raurica. After the legions withdrew in 401, the Burgundians settled the west around Geneva and the Alemanni the north, drawing the language border that still divides French and German Switzerland. The Franks absorbed both in the sixth century, and under Charlemagne the monasteries of St Gall and Müstair flourished.

Drusus and Tiberius subdued the Alpine peoples in 15 BCE and brought the whole region under Rome.

The capital of the Helvetii became a Roman colony under Vespasian, with a theatre, an amphitheatre and walls.

After Rome withdrew, the Burgundians settled the west and the Alemanni the north, the origin of the language border.

Saint-Maurice, St Gall, Disentis and Müstair became centres of faith, learning and book art.
888 – 1290
Kingdoms, dukes and the Holy Roman Empire.
When the Carolingian empire broke up, the west became the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy and the east part of the Duchy of Swabia. In 1033 Burgundy passed to the Holy Roman Empire. The Zähringer founded Fribourg, Bern and Thun, the opening of the Gotthard route raised the value of the Alpine valleys, and after 1218 the Habsburgs, Kyburgs and Savoyards competed for the land.

Rudolf I was crowned at Saint-Maurice in 888, and his heirs ruled western Switzerland for nearly 150 years.

The dukes of Zähringen founded Fribourg, Bern and other towns before their line died out in 1218.

A new route over the Gotthard made the valley of Uri a highway between Germany and Italy.

The counts from the Aargau grew into the leading power of the region; Rudolf became king in 1273.
1291 – 1515
From three valleys to thirteen cantons.
Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden renewed their alliance in 1291, defeated the Habsburgs at Morgarten and Sempach, and drew Lucerne, Zürich, Glarus, Zug and Bern into a league of eight cantons. In the fifteenth century the Confederates conquered Aargau and Thurgau, destroyed Charles the Bold in the Burgundian Wars, won independence from the Empire in the Swabian War and grew to thirteen cantons, until their defeat at Marignano in 1515.

The men of Schwyz ambushed a Habsburg army by Lake Ägeri in 1315, the Confederates' first great victory.

At Sempach in 1386 the Confederates killed Duke Leopold III and broke Habsburg power in the region.

At Grandson, Murten and Nancy the Swiss destroyed the army and the life of Charles the Bold.

Defeat by France in 1515 ended Swiss expansion and began the path towards neutrality.
1516 – 1797
Faith, patricians and the Enlightenment.
Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva made Switzerland a heartland of the Reformation and split the cantons into Protestant and Catholic camps that fought four wars. The Peace of Westphalia recognised Swiss independence in 1648. Patrician oligarchies ruled the cantons and their subject lands, mercenary service and trade brought wealth, and Geneva, Basel and Zürich became centres of the Enlightenment.

Calvin made Geneva the "Protestant Rome" and trained preachers for France, the Netherlands and Scotland.

Zwingli fell at Kappel in 1531, and the cantons settled into a lasting Protestant–Catholic balance.

The Peace of Westphalia formally freed the Confederacy from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648.

In 1653 the peasants of Lucerne, Bern and Solothurn rose against the city patricians and were crushed.
1798 – 1847
Revolution, Napoleon and civil war.
Revolutionary France invaded in 1798 and imposed the unitary Helvetic Republic, abolishing the subject lands. Napoleon's Act of Mediation restored a federation of nineteen cantons, and the Congress of Vienna added Geneva, the Valais and Neuchâtel and recognised Swiss neutrality. Liberal revolutions in the cantons after 1830 and the conflict between liberal and Catholic cantons ended in the Sonderbund War of 1847.

France invaded in 1798 and replaced the old league with a unitary republic on the French model.

In 1799 French, Austrian and Russian armies fought over Switzerland, and Suvorov crossed the Alps.

The Congress of Vienna added Geneva, the Valais and Neuchâtel and recognised Swiss neutrality.

In November 1847 General Dufour defeated the Catholic Sonderbund in a short, almost bloodless campaign.
1848 – 1945
The modern federal state.
The constitution of 1848 created the federal state, with Bern as its capital and a seven-member Federal Council. Railways, the Gotthard tunnel, the Red Cross and the direct democracy of the 1874 constitution followed. Switzerland stayed neutral through both world wars but faced the general strike of 1918, the Depression, the threat of Nazi Germany and controversy over its wartime refugee and gold policies.

Henry Dunant's initiative founded the Red Cross in Geneva and led to the first Geneva Convention.

The Gotthard railway tunnel of 1882 made Switzerland the crossroads of European rail traffic.

The referendum of 1874 and the popular initiative of 1891 put the people at the centre of Swiss politics.

Surrounded by the Axis in 1940, General Guisan pulled the army back into a fortified Alpine redoubt.
1946 – present
Prosperity, democracy and Europe.
After 1945 Switzerland grew rich, built the welfare state and, from 1959, governed by the "magic formula" of the four main parties. Women won the federal vote in 1971 and Jura became the 26th canton in 1979. Voters rejected the European Economic Area in 1992 and chose bilateral treaties with the EU instead; Switzerland joined the UN in 2002 and, in the twenty-first century, faced banking crises and debates on immigration and Europe.

Swiss men finally gave women the federal vote in 1971; Appenzell Innerrhoden held out until 1990.

After decades of conflict the French-speaking northern Jura left Bern and became the 26th canton in 1979.

Voters rejected the European Economic Area in 1992, and Switzerland chose bilateral treaties with the EU.

Rejected by voters in 1986, UN membership was approved in 2002.
The Swiss Lands, 58 BCE – Today
Two thousand years between the Jura and the Alps, from the Helvetii and Roman Helvetia to the 26 cantons of today. Move to any year, or through 30 narrated chapters, and watch three valleys grow into a confederation of cantons, allies and subject lands, then into a federal state.
Move the slider to any year. Inside today's Switzerland every historic territory is coloured by its status in that year: full member canton, associate (zugewandter Ort), subject land or common bailiwick, the Helvetic Republic, annexed by France, or under another power; before the Roman conquest the Celtic and Alpine peoples are shown. Around it, the states of the region are drawn from a dataset of historical borders, green where they ruled the Swiss lands in the current chapter. 30 chapters carry the story, and the slider is stretched so that the dense modern centuries get more room than the long ancient ones. Hover a territory for its status; click a neighbouring state to open its Wikipedia article.
Boundaries are approximate. The historic units are assembled from modern district boundaries, so each carries a single acquisition date and small lordships are simplified; the tribal areas before 15 BCE are indicative only. The dashed line is the border of modern Switzerland, for orientation only.
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From the lake-dwellers and the Helvetii to the modern Confederation, Swiss history has given the world a federation of many languages and faiths, direct democracy, armed neutrality, the Reformed churches of Zwingli and Calvin, the Red Cross and international Geneva, and a small country that became a centre of science, industry and finance.
From the alliance of three valleys in 1291 grew a league of thirteen cantons and, in 1848, a federal state of 22 (today 26). The cantons keep their own constitutions, parliaments and taxes, a model of shared sovereignty that inspired federal thinkers far beyond Switzerland.
The Landsgemeinde assemblies of the rural cantons, the optional referendum of 1874 and the popular initiative of 1891 put the people at the centre of Swiss politics. Citizens vote several times a year on laws and constitutional amendments, more often than anywhere else in the world.
After Marignano the Confederates withdrew from great-power wars, and in 1815 the powers recognised Swiss neutrality. Armed neutrality carried the country through two world wars, though its wartime refugee policy and trade with Nazi Germany remain the subject of hard questions.
Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva founded the Reformed tradition, which spread to France, the Netherlands, Scotland, Hungary and North America. Geneva's Academy trained its preachers, and the Anabaptists of Zürich were forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish.
Henry Dunant's Red Cross and the Geneva Convention of 1864 founded modern humanitarian law. Geneva became the seat of the League of Nations, the European headquarters of the United Nations and dozens of international organisations, and the host of summits from 1955 to 1985.
Paracelsus, the Bernoullis and Euler, Haller and Saussure, Agassiz and Pestalozzi made Swiss cities centres of medicine, mathematics, natural science and education. Einstein wrote his papers of 1905 in Bern, and CERN near Geneva gave the world the World Wide Web.
Huguenot refugees and Jura craftsmen made watchmaking a Swiss speciality, and the Swatch revived it after the quartz crisis. Nestlé, Lindt and Suchard, the chemical industry of Basel and banks in Zürich and Geneva made a country without raw materials one of the richest in the world.
Haller's poem The Alps, Rousseau and the first climbers made the mountains a symbol of freedom and nature. The Gotthard, Simplon and Lötschberg tunnels and the rack and Alpine railways made Switzerland the crossroads of Europe, and the Gotthard Base Tunnel of 2016 is the longest railway tunnel in the world.
The timeline is built from the project's own research dossier and its event, ruler, president and map datasets, checked against the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (HLS), English Wikipedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica and scholarly references. Linked articles are starting points for verification, not proof that every claim has been independently checked. Prehistoric and early medieval dates are approximate, traditions such as William Tell and the Rütli oath are legends first written down in the fifteenth century, and historical borders are reconstructions.
Every event and every ruler has its own sources. See Sources & Further Reading in each timeline entry and ruler profile.
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