Journey through the events, people, wars and ideas that shaped Greece and the Greek world, from the first humans in the Aegean to the present day.
Follow the Minoan palaces and Mycenae, the city-states, Marathon and Salamis, classical Athens and Sparta, Alexander the Great, Roman and Byzantine Greece, the fall of Constantinople, the revolution of 1821, the Balkan Wars, occupation and civil war, the junta and the modern republic.
Meet the kings, tyrants, statesmen, emperors, sultans, governors, regents and presidents who ruled Greek lands.
From the palace kings of Mycenae, the kings of Sparta and the statesmen of Athens through Philip II and Alexander, Roman and Byzantine emperors, Frankish princes and Ottoman sultans to the kings, regents and presidents of modern Greece.
A Journey Through the Ages
Greece sits where Europe meets the eastern Mediterranean, a land of mountains, peninsulas and some six thousand islands. Archaic humans lived here hundreds of thousands of years ago, and Europe's first farming villages grew up in Thessaly around 7000 BCE.
The Minoan and Mycenaean palaces built the first civilisations of Europe. After the Dark Ages the Greek city-states gave the world democracy, philosophy, history and drama, defeated Persia and, under Alexander the Great, carried Greek culture as far as India.
Rome ruled Greece for five centuries, and the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire for a thousand years more, until the Fourth Crusade and the Ottomans divided and conquered it. The revolution of 1821 created a modern Greek state, which grew through the Balkan Wars, survived occupation, civil war and dictatorship, and became a member of the European Union.
Explore the ten ages below through selected events from the timeline.
286,000 BCE – 1,100 BCE
From the first humans to the palaces of Crete and Mycenae.
Archaic humans lived in Greece hundreds of thousands of years ago, and the first farming villages of Europe grew up in Thessaly around 7000 BCE. In the Bronze Age the Cycladic islanders, the Minoan palaces of Crete and the warrior kingdoms of Mycenae built the first civilisations of Europe, with writing in Linear A and Linear B, until the palace world collapsed around 1200 BCE.

The Petralona skull and the Apidima fossils show archaic humans in Greece hundreds of thousands of years ago.

Farming reached Greece from Anatolia around 6800 BCE, and villages like Sesklo and Dimini grew up in Thessaly.

The palaces of Knossos, Phaistos and Malia were the centres of Europe's first state society.

Around 1200 BCE the Mycenaean palaces burned and the Bronze Age world of the eastern Mediterranean fell apart.
1,100 BCE – 500 BCE
The rise of the polis.
After the Dark Ages, Greece revived as a world of independent city-states. The Greeks adopted the alphabet, recorded the Homeric epics, founded the Olympic Games and planted colonies from Spain to the Black Sea. Sparta built its military society, and Athens moved through the reforms of Solon and the tyranny of Peisistratus to the democracy of Cleisthenes.

The Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet, and the Iliad and the Odyssey took shape.

Greek settlers founded cities across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, from Syracuse to Byzantium.

The laws attributed to Lycurgus turned Sparta into a society organised for war.

Solon's reforms and Cleisthenes' new tribes laid the foundations of democracy in Athens.
499 BCE – 360 BCE
The golden age of Athens and the wars of the Greeks.
The Greeks defeated the Persian Empire at Marathon, Salamis and Plataea. Athens led the Delian League, built the Parthenon and produced tragedy, comedy, history and philosophy, until its long war with Sparta ended in defeat in 404 BCE. Sparta and then Thebes led Greece in turn, while Socrates, Plato and the physicians of Kos laid foundations of Western thought.

The Greeks turned back the Persian Empire at Marathon, Salamis and Plataea.

The Delian League against Persia became an Athenian empire, whose tribute built the Acropolis.

Athens and Sparta fought for 27 years, until Athens surrendered in 404 BCE.

Socrates was put to death, and his pupil Plato founded the Academy.
359 BCE – 147 BCE
From Macedon to the ends of the known world.
Philip II made Macedon master of Greece at Chaeronea, and his son Alexander conquered the Persian Empire as far as the Indus. After Alexander's death his generals divided the empire into Greek-ruled kingdoms, and Greek language and culture spread from Egypt to Afghanistan. In Greece itself the Antigonid kings, the Achaean and Aetolian leagues and finally Rome contended for power.

Philip rebuilt the Macedonian army and defeated Athens and Thebes at Chaeronea.

Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and founded Alexandria before dying in Babylon at 32.

Alexander's generals fought over his empire and divided it into Greek-ruled kingdoms.

Rome defeated Macedon at Cynoscephalae and Pydna and became the arbiter of Greek affairs.
146 BCE – 329
Captive Greece captured her conqueror.
Rome destroyed Corinth in 146 BCE and organised Greece into the provinces of Macedonia and Achaea. Greece suffered in Rome's civil wars but prospered under the emperors: Athens remained a university city, Hadrian rebuilt it, and Paul preached at Philippi, Thessaloniki, Athens and Corinth. Goths and Heruli raided in the third century, and Galerius and Constantine ruled from Thessaloniki and the Bosporus.

Rome destroyed Corinth in 146 BCE and turned Greece into provinces.

Caesar, Brutus, Antony and Octavian fought their decisive battles on Greek soil.

The apostle founded churches at Philippi, Thessaloniki and Corinth and preached in Athens.

Plutarch, Pausanias and the schools of Athens kept Greek culture at the heart of the empire.
330 – 1203
A thousand years of the Christian Roman Empire.
Constantine founded Constantinople in 330, and the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire outlived the West by a thousand years. Justinian built Hagia Sophia; Slavs, Avars, Arabs and Bulgars pressed on Greece; Iconoclasm divided the church; and under the Macedonian emperors Byzantium recovered Crete, converted the Slavs and reached its medieval height. After Manzikert, the Komnenoi restored its power, but Venice and the crusaders grew strong.

Constantine founded Constantinople, which became the capital of the Greek-speaking empire.

Slavs, Avars and Arabs besieged Thessaloniki and Constantinople and settled across Greece.

Monks founded the Great Lavra in 963, the start of the Holy Mountain's monastic republic.

The Bulgar-slayer destroyed the Bulgarian army at Kleidion and left Byzantium at its height.
1204 – 1820
Crusaders, Venetians and Ottomans.
The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204 and divided Greece among Frankish lords and Venice, while Greek states survived at Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. Restored in 1261, Byzantium fell to the Ottomans in 1453, and Mystras, Athens and the islands followed. For nearly four centuries most Greeks lived under Ottoman rule, with the Orthodox Church as their community, while Venice held Crete and the Ionian Islands and the Greek Enlightenment prepared a national revival.

Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and divided Greece among Frankish lords and Venice.

The Byzantine despots at Mystras made the Morea the last centre of Byzantine culture.

Venice held Crete for over four centuries, until Candia surrendered in 1669.

Korais, Rigas and the Filiki Eteria prepared the Greek national movement.
1821 – 1923
The making of the modern Greek state.
The revolution of 1821 and the intervention of the Great Powers at Navarino created an independent Greek state, governed first by Kapodistrias and then by King Otto and the Glücksburg kings. Driven by the Great Idea, Greece doubled in size in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, but the National Schism between Venizelos and King Constantine and the Asia Minor catastrophe of 1922 ended the dream, and the Treaty of Lausanne exchanged populations with Turkey.

The rising of 1821 began in the Danubian principalities and the Peloponnese and spread across Greece.

Otto of Bavaria became the first king, and Athens the capital.

Greece took Thessaloniki, Epirus, Crete and the islands, almost doubling its territory.

Defeat in Asia Minor in 1922 ended the Great Idea, and the Treaty of Lausanne exchanged populations.
1924 – 1974
Refugees, occupation, civil war and the Colonels.
The Second Republic absorbed over a million refugees but was undone by coups, and the monarchy returned under the Metaxas dictatorship. Greece rejected Mussolini's ultimatum in 1940, then suffered a brutal triple occupation and famine, and a civil war between the government and the Communists followed liberation. The postwar kingdom grew quickly with American aid, but political crisis led to the Colonels' coup of 1967 and seven years of military rule.

More than a million refugees from Asia Minor were settled across Greece.

Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece, and famine killed some 300,000 people.

Government and Communist forces fought until the battles of Grammos and Vitsi in 1949.

Army colonels seized power in 1967; the Polytechnic uprising of 1973 hastened their fall.
1974 – present
Democracy, Europe and crisis.
After the fall of the junta in 1974 Karamanlis restored democracy and a referendum abolished the monarchy. Greece joined the European Community in 1981 and the euro in 2001, and hosted the 2004 Olympic Games. The debt crisis from 2009 brought bailouts, austerity and the confrontation of 2015, and since 2019 the governments of Kyriakos Mitsotakis have led the recovery.

Karamanlis restored democracy in 1974, and a referendum abolished the monarchy.

Greece joined the European Community in 1981 and adopted the euro in 2001.

The deficit revelation of 2009 led to three bailouts and years of austerity.

The 2018 agreement with North Macedonia ended a dispute of almost three decades.
The Greek World, c. 1450 BCE – Today
Three and a half thousand years of borders in the Aegean, from Minoan Crete and Mycenae to the Hellenic Republic. Move to any year, or through 37 narrated chapters, and watch the Greek world spread across the Mediterranean, fall under empires and rebuild a nation.
Move the slider to any year: every polity recorded for that year is drawn. Greek states are gold, the other powers that ruled Greek lands in the current chapter are green, and everything else is grey; 37 chapters carry the story. Borders change only where the dataset records a change, and they fade rather than morph between dated polygons. The slider is stretched so that the dense modern centuries get more room than the long ancient ones. Hover a territory for its name and dates; click it to open its Wikipedia article.
Boundaries are approximate reconstructions, and dates before 776 BCE are approximate. The dataset has no Greek polygon before about 1450 BCE, so the map starts with Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece. The hundreds of city-states of the archaic and classical ages are drawn as one “Greek city-states” layer, the Delian League is not a separate territory, and Greece in 1941–1944 is shown under the occupying powers. The Greek state from 1822 to 1940 appears as one polity, labelled “Greece (Greek State / Kingdom of Greece)”. The dashed line is modern Greece, for orientation only.
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From the palaces of Bronze Age Crete to the modern Hellenic Republic, Greek history has left the world democracy and philosophy, the foundations of science and theatre, the Olympic Games, the Greek language and alphabet, Orthodox Christianity and a modern nation shaped by revolution, war and Europe.
Greek has been written for more than 3,400 years, from Linear B tablets to today. The Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician in the eighth century BCE, gave rise to the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and Greek words fill the vocabulary of science, medicine and politics.
The Parthenon, the theatre of Epidaurus and the sanctuaries of Delphi and Olympia defined classical architecture for later Rome, the Renaissance and the modern world. Byzantine builders added Hagia Sophia, the mosaics of Hosios Loukas and Daphni and the monasteries of Mount Athos and Mystras.
The Olympian gods, the oracle of Delphi and the mysteries of Eleusis shaped ancient religion. Paul preached in Greek cities, the New Testament was written in Greek, and Byzantium made Orthodox Christianity the faith of the Greeks and, through Cyril and Methodius, of the Slavs.
Homer's epics, Sappho's lyrics and the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides founded European literature and theatre. Modern Greece produced El Greco, Cavafy and Kazantzakis, and the Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis (1963) and Odysseas Elytis (1979).
From Thales and Pythagoras to Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, Greek thinkers founded Western philosophy. Hippocrates, Euclid, Archimedes and the makers of the Antikythera mechanism laid foundations of medicine, mathematics and engineering, and Byzantine scholars preserved the texts for the Renaissance.
Cleisthenes' reforms of 508 BCE made Athens the first democracy. In 1821 the Greek revolution became the first successful national uprising against the Ottoman Empire and inspired liberal Europe; 25 March is still celebrated as Independence Day.
Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis became symbols of freedom against empire. Modern Greeks remember the Asia Minor Catastrophe of 1922, the "Ochi" of 1940, the famine and massacres of the occupation, the civil war and the Polytechnic uprising of 1973, and argue over them still.
From the Mycenaeans and the colonists of the archaic age to the merchants of the Ottoman era and today's shipowners, Greeks have lived by the sea. Greek communities spread from Alexandria and Smyrna to the United States and Australia, and Greece owns one of the world's largest merchant fleets.
The timeline is built from the project's own research dossier and its event, ruler, prime minister and map datasets, checked against English Wikipedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, World History Encyclopedia and scholarly references. Linked articles are starting points for verification, not proof that every claim has been independently checked. Dates before 776 BCE are approximate and some, like the eruption of Thera, are disputed; Greek dates before 1 March 1923 follow the Julian (Old Style) calendar; historical borders are reconstructions.
Every event and every ruler has its own sources. See Sources & Further Reading in each timeline entry and ruler profile.
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