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1129.0,317.7 1129.8,318.3 1130.9,320.5 1131.8,320.7 1134.4,320.0 1139.0,320.9 1141.5,321.5 1143.1,322.6 1144.6,322.7 1145.4,323.3 1148.2,323.6 1151.2,325.0 1152.3,324.8 1153.1,324.4 1155.5,322.5 1156.1,322.2 1157.0,322.3 1157.8,321.0 1158.7,320.9 1160.5,320.3 1160.3,320.6 1158.7,321.3 1159.4,321.4 1161.0,321.0 1161.3,320.1 1163.7,321.0 1164.1,321.0 1165.5,320.5 1166.9,321.8 1166.6,321.7 1165.6,320.9 1165.5,321.3 1165.0,322.1 1166.3,322.5 1166.9,323.3 1167.4,323.2 1167.8,322.6 1167.4,322.1 1167.5,322.0 1169.5,323.5 1172.2,322.9 1172.6,323.4 1173.5,323.1 1175.0,323.1 1176.2,322.8 1177.5,322.0 1179.0,320.2 1179.8,318.2 1181.3,310.7 1183.3,304.7 1183.3,303.3 1184.0,302.1 1184.8,301.4 1184.1,298.9 1184.2,297.1 1183.8,295.9 1183.0,294.9 1183.2,293.2 1183.7,292.2 1182.8,290.3 1183.1,289.6 1184.4,288.0 1184.3,287.1 1183.5,286.4 1181.7,287.6 1181.6,288.1 1181.2,288.4 1180.4,288.6 1176.8,287.0 1174.8,288.4 1173.3,290.3 1172.0,291.1 1168.2,291.6 1167.5,292.0 1166.2,291.6 1165.3,291.0 1163.3,288.8 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330","wiki":"Constantinople"},{"name":"Milan","lon":9.19,"lat":45.46,"x":1045.0,"y":232.8,"from":286,"to":402,"kind":"capital","note":"Western residence 286–402","wiki":"Mediolanum"},{"name":"Ravenna","lon":12.2,"lat":44.42,"x":1060.1,"y":239.3,"from":402,"to":568,"kind":"capital","note":"Western capital from 402; Odoacer, Theodoric","wiki":"Ravenna"},{"name":"Trier","lon":6.64,"lat":49.75,"x":1031.7,"y":206.3,"from":286,"to":407,"kind":"capital","note":"Tetrarchic capital of Gaul","wiki":"Augusta_Treverorum"},{"name":"Nicomedia","lon":29.92,"lat":40.77,"x":1149.9,"y":262.1,"from":284,"to":330,"kind":"capital","note":"Diocletian's capital","wiki":"Nicomedia"},{"name":"Sirmium","lon":19.61,"lat":44.97,"x":1096.3,"y":235.8,"from":293,"to":441,"kind":"capital","note":"Tetrarchic capital on the Sava; sacked by the Huns 441","wiki":"Sirmium"},{"name":"Carthage","lon":10.32,"lat":36.85,"x":1052.6,"y":286.8,"from":117,"to":568,"kind":"capital","note":"Vandal capital 439–533","wiki":"Carthage"},{"name":"Toulouse","lon":1.44,"lat":43.6,"x":1007.1,"y":244.4,"from":418,"to":507,"kind":"capital","note":"Visigothic capital","wiki":"Toulouse"},{"name":"Braga","lon":-8.42,"lat":41.55,"x":958.0,"y":257.2,"from":409,"to":568,"kind":"capital","note":"Suebic capital","wiki":"Braga"},{"name":"Lyon","lon":4.84,"lat":45.76,"x":1023.7,"y":230.9,"from":443,"to":534,"kind":"capital","note":"Burgundian royal city","wiki":"Lyon"},{"name":"Soissons","lon":3.32,"lat":49.38,"x":1015.9,"y":208.6,"from":461,"to":486,"kind":"capital","note":"Domain of Syagrius","wiki":"Domain_of_Soissons"},{"name":"Tournai","lon":3.39,"lat":50.61,"x":1016.1,"y":201.1,"from":457,"to":486,"kind":"capital","note":"Childeric's Frankish capital","wiki":"Tournai"},{"name":"Salona","lon":16.44,"lat":43.51,"x":1081.3,"y":244.9,"from":474,"to":480,"kind":"capital","note":"Refuge of Julius 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Alaric II","wiki":"Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9"},{"name":"Tricamarum","lon":9.9,"lat":36.9,"x":1050.4,"y":286.5,"from":533,"to":535,"kind":"battle","note":"533: Vandals destroyed","wiki":"Battle_of_Tricamarum"},{"name":"Taginae","lon":12.6,"lat":43.3,"x":1062.4,"y":246.2,"from":552,"to":554,"kind":"battle","note":"552: Totila killed","wiki":"Battle_of_Taginae"},{"name":"Edessa","lon":38.79,"lat":37.16,"x":1197.3,"y":284.9,"from":260,"to":262,"kind":"battle","note":"260: Valerian captured","wiki":"Battle_of_Edessa"},{"name":"Abritus","lon":26.53,"lat":43.53,"x":1131.2,"y":244.8,"from":251,"to":253,"kind":"battle","note":"251: Decius killed","wiki":"Battle_of_Abritus"},{"name":"Naissus","lon":21.9,"lat":43.32,"x":1108.4,"y":246.1,"from":269,"to":271,"kind":"battle","note":"269: Claudius v. 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Hadrian immediately gives up Mesopotamia; the age of expansion is over.","stat":"Army c. 350,000 · denarius 93% silver","events":["0117-rome-at-its-greatest-extent","0122-hadrian-s-wall-begun","0150-end-of-the-roman-climate-optimum"]},{"year":166,"view":"empire","title":"Plague and the first breach","text":"The Antonine Plague arrives with the army returning from Persia and kills perhaps a tenth of the empire; the same year Germanic peoples cross the Danube and besiege Aquileia in Italy. For the first time the empire fights on two fronts with a shrinking population.","stat":"Antonine Plague: 10–30% mortality (modern estimates)","events":["0165-antonine-plague-reaches-the-empire","0166-marcomannic-wars-begin","0169-lucius-verus-dies","0180-death-of-marcus-aurelius"]},{"year":193,"view":"empire","title":"The army learns its price","text":"Pertinax is murdered, the Praetorians auction the throne, and Septimius Severus wins the civil war. He raises army pay, enlarges the army to 450,000 men and pays for it by cutting the silver in the coinage to about half.","stat":"Denarius c. 50% silver by the 230s","events":["0193-year-of-the-five-emperors","0193-severus-debases-the-denarius-to-under-60","0197-battle-of-lugdunum","0211-severus-dies-at-york","0212-constitutio-antoniniana","0215-the-antoninianus-introduced"]},{"year":235,"view":"empire","title":"The crisis begins","text":"Troops at Mainz murder Severus Alexander and raise a Thracian soldier, Maximinus. Over the next fifty years at least 26 men are recognised as emperor and most die violently. Persia under the new Sasanian dynasty and the Goths on the Danube attack a state at war with itself.","stat":"26 emperors in 49 years; average reign under 2 years","events":["0224-the-sasanian-dynasty-founded","0235-severus-alexander-murdered","0238-year-of-the-six-emperors","0249-plague-of-cyprian-begins","0251-battle-of-abritus"]},{"year":261,"view":"empire","title":"An empire in three pieces","text":"After Valerian is captured by Shapur, the Rhine army sets up the Gallic Empire and Palmyra takes the East. The silver coinage collapses to 2% fineness; the agri decumates and soon Dacia are abandoned. Rome builds walls around itself.","stat":"Antoninianus 2.4% silver (268)","events":["0260-valerian-captured-at-edessa","0260-the-gallic-empire-breaks-away","0260-agri-decumates-abandoned","0268-antoninianus-falls-to-2-4-silver","0270-zenobia-seizes-egypt","0271-aurelian-walls-begun"]},{"year":274,"view":"empire","title":"Restorer of the World","text":"Aurelian retakes Palmyra and then the Gallic provinces and reunites the empire in 274, but withdraws from Dacia and reforms the coinage at 5% silver. He is murdered within a year; the recovery is completed by Diocletian from 284.","stat":"Dacia abandoned; Rome walled","events":["0272-aurelian-defeats-zenobia","0274-aurelian-reunites-the-empire","0274-aurelian-s-coinage-reform","0276-franks-and-alamanni-overrun-gaul","0284-diocletian-proclaimed-emperor"]},{"year":301,"view":"empire","title":"The new empire","text":"Diocletian doubles the provinces, builds a bureaucracy, taxes land and heads in kind and tries to fix prices by edict. The empire is ruled by four men from four frontier capitals; Rome is no longer the seat of government. The state is saved, at the price of becoming far heavier.","stat":"About 100 provinces; Edict on Maximum Prices (301)","events":["0285-diocletian-makes-maximian-co-emperor","0293-the-tetrarchy","0292-capitatio-iugatio-tax-system","0301-edict-on-maximum-prices","0303-great-persecution-begins"]},{"year":330,"view":"empire","title":"Constantine's choices","text":"Constantine wins the civil wars, founds Constantinople, legalises Christianity, creates the gold solidus and splits the army into a mobile field force and static frontier troops. Each choice will shape the fall: the East gets an impregnable capital; the frontiers get thinner.","stat":"Solidus 4.5 g gold, stable for 700 years","events":["0312-battle-of-the-milvian-bridge","0313-edict-of-milan","0309-the-gold-solidus-introduced","0330-constantinople-dedicated","0332-coloni-bound-to-the-land","0325-field-army-and-frontier-army-separated"]},{"year":363,"view":"east","title":"Civil wars and Persia","text":"Constantine's sons fight one another; Mursa (351) costs the armies perhaps 50,000 men. Julian restores the Rhine at Strasbourg but dies invading Persia; Jovian surrenders Nisibis. Valentinian fortifies the Rhine one last time.","stat":"Mursa 351: the bloodiest Roman-on-Roman battle","events":["0351-battle-of-mursa","0357-battle-of-strasbourg","0363-julian-killed-in-persia","0364-valentinian-and-valens-divide-the-empire","0370-the-huns-reach-the-steppe-west-of-the-volga"]},{"year":376,"view":"danube","title":"The Goths at the Danube","text":"Driven by the Huns, tens of thousands of Goths ask to cross the Danube. Valens admits them as recruits and settlers; corrupt officials starve them, they revolt, and in August 378 Valens and two-thirds of the Eastern field army die at Adrianople.","stat":"Adrianople: 10,000–20,000 Roman dead","events":["0376-the-goths-cross-the-danube","0377-gothic-revolt-battle-of-marcianople","0378-battle-of-adrianople","0382-the-gothic-treaty"]},{"year":395,"view":"empire","title":"The final division","text":"Theodosius dies leaving two boy emperors. The West under Stilicho has the longer, weaker frontier and the poorer tax base; the East has Constantinople, Egypt and Asia Minor. They will never be reunited.","stat":"West: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Africa, Illyricum","events":["0394-battle-of-the-frigidus","0395-theodosius-dies-the-empire-is-divided-for-good","0395-alaric-revolts","0397-gildo-s-revolt-in-africa"]},{"year":406,"view":"gaul","title":"The frontier collapses","text":"On the last day of 406 Vandals, Alans and Suebi cross the Rhine. Britain raises its own emperor, who takes the last field army to Gaul. Stilicho is executed in 408 and his barbarian soldiers join Alaric.","stat":"Rhine crossing: the frontier that held 400 years","events":["0406-radagaisus-invades-italy","0406-crossing-of-the-rhine","0407-constantine-iii-crosses-to-gaul","0408-stilicho-executed-at-ravenna","0409-vandals-alans-and-suebi-enter-spain"]},{"year":410,"view":"italy","title":"Rome is sacked","text":"Alaric's Visigoths enter Rome on 24 August 410: the first sack in 800 years. The same year Honorius tells Britain to defend itself. Within eight years Constantius III settles the Goths in Aquitaine with their own king: the first kingdom on Roman soil.","stat":"Britain abandoned; Visigoths settled 418","events":["0410-rescript-of-honorius","0410-alaric-sacks-rome","0413-theodosian-walls-of-constantinople-completed","0414-athaulf-marries-galla-placidia","0418-visigoths-settled-in-aquitaine"]},{"year":429,"view":"spain","title":"The Vandals go to Africa","text":"Having survived in Spain, Gaiseric ships his whole people across the strait in May 429. Rome's best generals, Aetius and Boniface, fight each other at Ravenna while the Vandals march on Carthage.","stat":"Vandals: 80,000 people, 15–20,000 warriors","events":["0429-vandals-cross-to-africa","0430-siege-of-hippo-augustine-dies","0432-battle-of-ravenna-aetius-v-boniface","0433-aetius-becomes-patrician-and-supreme-commander","0435-treaty-of-hippo"]},{"year":439,"view":"africa","title":"The breadbasket is lost","text":"On 19 October 439 the Vandals take Carthage. The West loses the taxes that paid its army; a law of 445 admits the treasury cannot meet army pay. Two expeditions to recover Africa (441, 460) fail before they sail.","stat":"Africa: the richest tax province of the West","events":["0439-vandals-capture-carthage","0440-vandal-raid-on-sicily","0441-eastern-expedition-to-sicily-abandoned","0442-treaty-recognises-vandal-africa","0445-valentinian-iii-s-novel-on-tax-exhaustion"]},{"year":451,"view":"gaul","title":"Attila","text":"With Pannonia ceded to the Huns in 433 and the East paying 2,100 lb of gold a year, Attila invades Gaul. On 20 June 451 Aetius and the Visigoths stop him on the Catalaunian Plains, the last victory of a Western field army. He dies in 453 and his empire collapses at the Nedao.","stat":"Hun tribute from the East: 2,100 lb gold a year","events":["0441-attila-s-first-balkan-war","0443-east-triples-the-hun-tribute","0451-huns-sack-metz","0451-battle-of-the-catalaunian-plains","0452-attila-invades-italy-sacks-aquileia","0453-attila-dies","0454-battle-of-nedao"]},{"year":455,"view":"italy","title":"Sack of Rome by the Vandals","text":"Valentinian III murders Aetius (454) and is murdered in turn (455). Gaiseric's fleet strips Rome for two weeks. From now on the Western throne is filled by the generalissimo Ricimer, who makes and destroys five emperors.","stat":"Rome plundered 2–16 June 455","events":["0454-valentinian-iii-murders-aetius","0455-valentinian-iii-assassinated","0455-vandals-sack-rome","0455-avitus-proclaimed-emperor-by-the-visigoths","0456-ricimer-deposes-avitus"]},{"year":460,"view":"medwest","title":"The last reformer","text":"Majorian restores Gaul, protects the curials and gathers 300 ships at Cartagena to retake Africa; traitors betray the fleet to the Vandals. Ricimer has him beheaded in 461. The Roman commander in northern Gaul, Aegidius, breaks away.","stat":"Majorian's fleet: 300 ships lost at Cartagena","events":["0457-majorian-proclaimed","0458-majorian-recovers-gaul","0460-majorian-s-fleet-destroyed-at-cartagena","0461-majorian-executed-at-dertona","0461-aegidius-breaks-with-ravenna"]},{"year":468,"view":"africa","title":"Cape Bon: the point of no return","text":"East and West pool everything: 1,100 ships, 50,000 men, 64,000 pounds of gold. Off Cape Bon the Vandal fireships destroy the fleet in a night. The East is near bankruptcy for thirty years; the West has nothing left to spend.","stat":"468 expedition: 64,000 lb gold, 1,100 ships","events":["0467-anthemius-installed-by-the-east","0468-battle-of-cape-bon","0469-euric-expands-from-toulouse","0471-anthemius-s-army-destroyed"]},{"year":476,"view":"italy","title":"The end of the Western emperors","text":"The federate army in Italy demands land; Orestes refuses; Odoacer is raised king, kills Orestes and deposes the boy Romulus Augustulus on 4 September 476. He sends the regalia to Constantinople: the West no longer needs an emperor. Julius Nepos, the last legal emperor, is murdered in Dalmatia in 480.","stat":"Insignia sent to Zeno; Nepos killed 480","events":["0475-orestes-ousts-nepos","0476-federate-troops-demand-a-third-of-italy","0476-odoacer-proclaimed-king","0476-romulus-augustulus-deposed","0480-julius-nepos-murdered"]},{"year":486,"view":"gaul","title":"The successors","text":"Clovis destroys the last Roman state in Gaul at Soissons; Odoacer evacuates Noricum; Theodoric's Ostrogoths take Italy and keep its Roman administration. The map of Europe is now a map of kingdoms, all of them claiming Roman legitimacy.","stat":"Soissons 486, Noricum evacuated 488, Theodoric 493","events":["0486-battle-of-soissons","0488-romans-evacuate-noricum","0493-theodoric-murders-odoacer","0496-battle-of-tolbiac-clovis-s-baptism"]},{"year":507,"view":"west","title":"Franks and Goths","text":"At Vouillé Clovis kills Alaric II and takes Aquitaine; the Visigoths retreat to Spain. Theodoric saves Provence for Italy. The Frankish kingdom becomes the heir of Roman Gaul and later of the Western Empire itself.","stat":"Vouillé 507; Franks to the Pyrenees","events":["0500-battle-of-dijon","0507-battle-of-vouill","0508-ostrogoths-take-provence","0511-clovis-dies-the-frankish-kingdom-divided"]},{"year":534,"view":"africa","title":"Justinian takes Africa back","text":"In three months Belisarius destroys the Vandal kingdom that had broken the West a century earlier. Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearics follow. The East now attempts to recover Italy as well.","stat":"Vandal kingdom ends after 94 years","events":["0533-battle-of-ad-decimum","0533-battle-of-tricamarum","0534-burgundy-annexed-by-the-franks","0535-belisarius-takes-sicily"]},{"year":541,"view":"italy","title":"Plague and the ruin of Italy","text":"The Gothic War drags on for twenty years; Milan is razed, Rome changes hands five times and stands empty in 546. Bubonic plague arrives in 541 and kills perhaps a quarter of the Mediterranean world. Italy is reconquered in ruins.","stat":"Rome's population: c. 1 million → c. 30,000","events":["0536-volcanic-winter-the-late-antique-little-ice-age-","0537-goths-cut-the-aqueducts-of-rome","0539-milan-destroyed","0541-plague-of-justinian","0546-totila-takes-and-empties-rome"]},{"year":554,"view":"empire","title":"A Roman Mediterranean, briefly","text":"The Pragmatic Sanction restores imperial rule in Italy; Byzantine troops hold the coast of Spain. For a moment the Mediterranean is Roman again, but the treasury is empty, the population halved, and Persia and the Lombards are waiting.","stat":"Italy, Africa, Dalmatia and south-east Spain recovered","events":["0552-battle-of-taginae","0554-pragmatic-sanction","0555-imperial-spain","0565-justinian-dies"]},{"year":568,"view":"italy","title":"The Lombards: the reconquest unravels","text":"Three years after Justinian's death Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy. Within a decade most of inland Italy is lost; the empire keeps Ravenna, Rome, the coasts and the south. The Western Roman world that the Vandals, Goths and Huns had broken is not coming back.","stat":"Lombard Italy; Byzantine coasts","events":["0568-lombards-invade-italy","0590-gregory-the-great-becomes-pope","0640-arab-conquests-of-syria-and-egypt","0800-charlemagne-crowned-emperor-in-rome"]}],"events":{"0117-rome-at-its-greatest-extent":{"date":"117","year":117,"title":"Rome at its greatest extent","summary":"With Mesopotamia and Armenia briefly annexed, the empire covers about 5 million km². Trajan dies in August; Hadrian abandons the Mesopotamian conquests.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan","importance":5},"0122-hadrian-s-wall-begun":{"date":"122","year":122,"title":"Hadrian's Wall begun","summary":"Hadrian fixes the northern frontier of Britannia with a stone wall: the empire shifts from expansion to defence of fixed frontiers.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall","importance":2},"0150-end-of-the-roman-climate-optimum":{"date":"c. 150","year":150,"title":"End of the Roman Climate Optimum","summary":"Centuries of warm, stable, wet weather that had favoured Mediterranean agriculture give way to a more variable and cooler climate.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Warm_Period","importance":3},"0165-antonine-plague-reaches-the-empire":{"date":"165","year":165,"title":"Antonine Plague reaches the empire","summary":"Soldiers returning from Seleucia bring an epidemic, probably smallpox, that will kill an estimated 10–30% of the population over 15 years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague","importance":5},"0166-marcomannic-wars-begin":{"date":"166","year":166,"title":"Marcomannic Wars begin","summary":"Germanic and Sarmatian peoples break across the Danube; Aquileia in Italy is besieged for the first time since the Cimbri.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars","importance":4},"0169-lucius-verus-dies":{"date":"169","year":169,"title":"Lucius Verus dies","summary":"The co-emperor dies suddenly, probably of the plague, leaving Marcus Aurelius to fight the northern wars alone.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus","importance":2},"0180-death-of-marcus-aurelius":{"date":"17 Mar 180","year":180,"title":"Death of Marcus Aurelius","summary":"The last of the 'Five Good Emperors' dies at Vindobona. Cassius Dio dates the descent 'from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust' from here.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius","importance":4},"0193-year-of-the-five-emperors":{"date":"193","year":193,"title":"Year of the Five Emperors","summary":"Pertinax is murdered by the Praetorians, who auction the empire to Didius Julianus; three provincial generals march on Rome.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors","importance":4},"0193-severus-debases-the-denarius-to-under-60":{"date":"193","year":193,"title":"Severus debases the denarius to under 60%","summary":"Septimius Severus raises army pay and funds civil war by cutting the silver content of the coinage sharply.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius","importance":3},"0197-battle-of-lugdunum":{"date":"197","year":197,"title":"Battle of Lugdunum","summary":"Severus defeats Clodius Albinus near Lyon in one of the largest battles between Roman armies; Lyon is sacked.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lugdunum","importance":3},"0211-severus-dies-at-york":{"date":"211","year":211,"title":"Severus dies at York","summary":"His advice to his sons: 'enrich the soldiers, scorn everyone else'. The army now numbers about 450,000.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus","importance":3},"0212-constitutio-antoniniana":{"date":"212","year":212,"title":"Constitutio Antoniniana","summary":"Caracalla grants citizenship to all free inhabitants, widening the tax base for inheritance taxes and dissolving the old distinction between Romans and provincials.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana","importance":3},"0215-the-antoninianus-introduced":{"date":"215","year":215,"title":"The antoninianus introduced","summary":"Caracalla issues a coin tariffed at two denarii but containing only about one and a half denarii of silver: inflation by decree.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninianus","importance":3},"0224-the-sasanian-dynasty-founded":{"date":"224","year":224,"title":"The Sasanian dynasty founded","summary":"Ardashir I overthrows the Parthians. The new Persian empire is more centralised and aggressive, tying down a large part of Rome's eastern army for four centuries.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire","importance":4},"0235-severus-alexander-murdered":{"date":"18 Mar 235","year":235,"title":"Severus Alexander murdered","summary":"Troops at Mainz kill the emperor for negotiating with Germans; Maximinus Thrax, a soldier from the ranks, takes the throne. The Crisis of the Third Century begins.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century","importance":5},"0238-year-of-the-six-emperors":{"date":"238","year":238,"title":"Year of the Six Emperors","summary":"Gordian I and II in Africa, Pupienus and Balbinus in Rome, Maximinus and finally the boy Gordian III: six emperors in a single year.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors","importance":3},"0249-plague-of-cyprian-begins":{"date":"249","year":249,"title":"Plague of Cyprian begins","summary":"A pandemic of uncertain cause (possibly a haemorrhagic fever) sweeps the empire for over a decade; Bishop Cyprian describes bodies piled in the streets of Carthage.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian","importance":4},"0251-battle-of-abritus":{"date":"Jun 251","year":251,"title":"Battle of Abritus","summary":"The Goths under Cniva destroy a Roman army; Decius and his son are killed, the first emperor to die fighting barbarians.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus","importance":4},"0260-valerian-captured-at-edessa":{"date":"260","year":260,"title":"Valerian captured at Edessa","summary":"Shapur I takes the emperor prisoner; Valerian dies in captivity, an unprecedented humiliation commemorated in Persian rock reliefs.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa","importance":4},"0260-the-gallic-empire-breaks-away":{"date":"260","year":260,"title":"The Gallic Empire breaks away","summary":"Postumus is proclaimed emperor by the Rhine army; Gaul, Britain and Spain form a separate state for fourteen years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire","importance":4},"0260-agri-decumates-abandoned":{"date":"c. 259–260","year":260,"title":"Agri Decumates abandoned","summary":"Rome withdraws from the lands between Rhine and Danube; the Alamanni settle behind the old limes.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_Decumates","importance":3},"0268-antoninianus-falls-to-2-4-silver":{"date":"268","year":268,"title":"Antoninianus falls to ~2.4% silver","summary":"The 'silver' coin is now bronze with a silver wash; prices begin to rise sharply as confidence collapses.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninianus","importance":4},"0270-zenobia-seizes-egypt":{"date":"270","year":270,"title":"Zenobia seizes Egypt","summary":"The Palmyrene Empire under Queen Zenobia takes control of Egypt, Syria and parts of Asia Minor: the empire is in three pieces.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire","importance":3},"0271-aurelian-walls-begun":{"date":"271","year":271,"title":"Aurelian Walls begun","summary":"For the first time since the Republic, Rome itself is fortified: 19 km of walls around a city that no longer feels safe.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian_Walls","importance":3},"0272-aurelian-defeats-zenobia":{"date":"272","year":272,"title":"Aurelian defeats Zenobia","summary":"Palmyra is retaken; Zenobia is paraded in triumph in Rome.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian","importance":3},"0274-aurelian-reunites-the-empire":{"date":"274","year":274,"title":"Aurelian reunites the empire","summary":"The Gallic Empire submits at Châlons; Aurelian is hailed Restitutor Orbis, Restorer of the World.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian","importance":4},"0274-aurelian-s-coinage-reform":{"date":"274","year":274,"title":"Aurelian's coinage reform","summary":"A new coin marked XXI (20 parts bronze to 1 silver, about 5% silver) replaces the debased antoninianus; prices nevertheless keep rising.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian","importance":3},"0276-franks-and-alamanni-overrun-gaul":{"date":"276","year":276,"title":"Franks and Alamanni overrun Gaul","summary":"Some 60 towns are said to have fallen before Probus restores the Rhine frontier; the Gallic cities rebuild as small walled strongholds.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_(emperor)","importance":3},"0284-diocletian-proclaimed-emperor":{"date":"20 Nov 284","year":284,"title":"Diocletian proclaimed emperor","summary":"A Dalmatian officer takes power after the deaths of Carus and Numerian; his reforms end the fifty-year crisis.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian","importance":5},"0285-diocletian-makes-maximian-co-emperor":{"date":"285","year":285,"title":"Diocletian makes Maximian co-emperor","summary":"The empire is formally shared: Maximian rules the West from Milan, Diocletian the East. The division of labour becomes permanent.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian","importance":4},"0293-the-tetrarchy":{"date":"293","year":293,"title":"The Tetrarchy","summary":"Two Augusti and two Caesars rule from Trier, Milan, Sirmium and Nicomedia; Rome ceases to be the seat of government.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy","importance":4},"0292-capitatio-iugatio-tax-system":{"date":"c. 287–297","year":292,"title":"Capitatio-iugatio tax system","summary":"A unified assessment of land and heads lets the state budget in kind for the army; the tax burden on the countryside rises.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitatio-Iugatio","importance":4},"0301-edict-on-maximum-prices":{"date":"Nov–Dec 301","year":301,"title":"Edict on Maximum Prices","summary":"Diocletian caps the price of more than 1,200 goods and services (wheat 100 denarii a modius) under threat of death; goods vanish from markets and the edict is quietly abandoned.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices","importance":4},"0303-great-persecution-begins":{"date":"303","year":303,"title":"Great Persecution begins","summary":"The last and most systematic persecution of Christians: churches razed, scriptures burned, clergy imprisoned.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution","importance":3},"0312-battle-of-the-milvian-bridge":{"date":"28 Oct 312","year":312,"title":"Battle of the Milvian Bridge","summary":"Constantine defeats Maxentius at the gates of Rome and attributes victory to the Christian God.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge","importance":4},"0313-edict-of-milan":{"date":"313","year":313,"title":"Edict of Milan","summary":"Constantine and Licinius grant freedom of worship; Christianity becomes a legal religion with growing imperial favour.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan","importance":4},"0309-the-gold-solidus-introduced":{"date":"c. 309","year":309,"title":"The gold solidus introduced","summary":"Constantine's 4.5 g gold coin, struck at 72 to the pound, will keep its weight and purity for 700 years, stabilising state finance for those who have gold.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)","importance":4},"0330-constantinople-dedicated":{"date":"11 May 330","year":330,"title":"Constantinople dedicated","summary":"A New Rome on the Bosporus becomes the capital of the East, behind sea walls that no western city could match.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople","importance":5},"0332-coloni-bound-to-the-land":{"date":"332","year":332,"title":"Coloni bound to the land","summary":"A law of Constantine ties tenant farmers to their estates to secure the tax base; the free peasantry of the early empire slides toward serfdom.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonus_(person)","importance":3},"0325-field-army-and-frontier-army-separated":{"date":"c. 320s","year":325,"title":"Field army and frontier army separated","summary":"Constantine completes the division of the army into mobile comitatenses and static limitanei; the field army follows the emperor rather than the frontier.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Roman_army","importance":3},"0351-battle-of-mursa":{"date":"28 Sep 351","year":351,"title":"Battle of Mursa","summary":"Constantius II defeats Magnentius in the bloodiest battle between Romans of the century; the losses on both sides, perhaps 50,000, cripple the Danube and Rhine armies.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mursa_Major","importance":4},"0357-battle-of-strasbourg":{"date":"357","year":357,"title":"Battle of Strasbourg","summary":"Julian with 13,000 men routs a far larger Alamannic coalition under Chnodomar, restoring the Rhine frontier.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg","importance":3},"0363-julian-killed-in-persia":{"date":"26 Jun 363","year":363,"title":"Julian killed in Persia","summary":"The last pagan emperor dies of a spear wound retreating from Ctesiphon; his successor Jovian surrenders Nisibis and five provinces to Persia.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)","importance":4},"0364-valentinian-and-valens-divide-the-empire":{"date":"364","year":364,"title":"Valentinian and Valens divide the empire","summary":"The new emperor keeps the West and gives the East to his brother; the halves will have separate rulers almost continuously from now on.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I","importance":3},"0370-the-huns-reach-the-steppe-west-of-the-volga":{"date":"c. 370","year":370,"title":"The Huns reach the steppe west of the Volga","summary":"A nomadic confederation from Central Asia crushes the Alans and then the Greuthungi Goths, setting off the chain of migrations into the empire.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns","importance":5},"0376-the-goths-cross-the-danube":{"date":"376","year":376,"title":"The Goths cross the Danube","summary":"Fleeing the Huns, the Tervingi under Fritigern are admitted into Thrace as refugees, perhaps 90,000 people; corrupt officials starve and abuse them.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)","importance":5},"0377-gothic-revolt-battle-of-marcianople":{"date":"377","year":377,"title":"Gothic revolt; Battle of Marcianople","summary":"Lupicinus tries to murder the Gothic leaders at a banquet; the Goths rise, defeat him and ravage Thrace.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marcianople","importance":3},"0378-battle-of-adrianople":{"date":"9 Aug 378","year":378,"title":"Battle of Adrianople","summary":"Valens attacks without waiting for Gratian's army; the emperor and two-thirds of the Eastern field army, 10,000–20,000 men, are killed. Ammianus compares it to Cannae.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople","importance":5},"0382-the-gothic-treaty":{"date":"3 Oct 382","year":382,"title":"The Gothic treaty","summary":"The Goths are settled in Moesia as autonomous federates under their own leaders, serving the army as allies rather than as recruits: a new and dangerous model.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)","importance":5},"0394-battle-of-the-frigidus":{"date":"5–6 Sep 394","year":394,"title":"Battle of the Frigidus","summary":"Theodosius with Gothic federates under Alaric defeats Arbogast and Eugenius; the Goths take heavy losses and remember it.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus","importance":4},"0395-theodosius-dies-the-empire-is-divided-for-good":{"date":"17 Jan 395","year":395,"title":"Theodosius dies; the empire is divided for good","summary":"Honorius (10) takes the West under Stilicho, Arcadius (17) the East under Rufinus. No single ruler will govern both halves again.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I","importance":5},"0395-alaric-revolts":{"date":"395","year":395,"title":"Alaric revolts","summary":"Denied a Roman command, the Gothic leader leads his people out of Moesia and ravages Greece: Athens pays ransom, Corinth and Sparta are sacked.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_I","importance":3},"0397-gildo-s-revolt-in-africa":{"date":"397","year":397,"title":"Gildo's revolt in Africa","summary":"The count of Africa transfers his allegiance to Constantinople and cuts off Rome's grain; Stilicho crushes him within a year.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildonic_revolt","importance":3},"0406-radagaisus-invades-italy":{"date":"405–406","year":406,"title":"Radagaisus invades Italy","summary":"A huge Gothic force, perhaps 20,000 fighters, pours over the Alps; Stilicho destroys it at Faesulae with Hun and Alan allies. 12,000 prisoners are enrolled in the army, the rest sold as slaves.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radagaisus","importance":3},"0406-crossing-of-the-rhine":{"date":"31 Dec 406","year":406,"title":"Crossing of the Rhine","summary":"Vandals, Alans and Suebi cross the frozen Rhine near Mainz; the frontier that had held for four centuries collapses and Gaul is plundered for three years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine","importance":5},"0407-constantine-iii-crosses-to-gaul":{"date":"407","year":407,"title":"Constantine III crosses to Gaul","summary":"The usurper takes the last field troops out of Britain to fight for Gaul and Spain; they never return.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)","importance":4},"0408-stilicho-executed-at-ravenna":{"date":"22 Aug 408","year":408,"title":"Stilicho executed at Ravenna","summary":"After a mutiny engineered by the courtier Olympius, the West's commander is beheaded. Roman troops massacre the families of barbarian soldiers, and 30,000 of them go over to Alaric.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilicho","importance":5},"0409-vandals-alans-and-suebi-enter-spain":{"date":"409","year":409,"title":"Vandals, Alans and Suebi enter Spain","summary":"Having wrecked Gaul, the invaders cross the Pyrenees; in 411 they divide the Spanish provinces among themselves by lot.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals","importance":4},"0410-rescript-of-honorius":{"date":"410","year":410,"title":"Rescript of Honorius","summary":"The emperor tells the British cities to look to their own defence; Roman rule in Britain ends after 367 years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescript_of_Honorius","importance":4},"0410-alaric-sacks-rome":{"date":"24–27 Aug 410","year":410,"title":"Alaric sacks Rome","summary":"The Visigoths enter through the Salarian Gate and plunder the city for three days, the first sack in 800 years. Jerome: 'the city which had taken the whole world was itself taken'.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)","importance":5},"0413-theodosian-walls-of-constantinople-completed":{"date":"413","year":413,"title":"Theodosian Walls of Constantinople completed","summary":"Anthemius's triple land walls make the Eastern capital impregnable for a thousand years; no Western city has anything comparable.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople","importance":4},"0414-athaulf-marries-galla-placidia":{"date":"Jan 414","year":414,"title":"Athaulf marries Galla Placidia","summary":"At Narbonne the Gothic king weds the emperor's sister captured in 410; he declares he will use Gothic strength to restore the Roman name.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataulf","importance":3},"0418-visigoths-settled-in-aquitaine":{"date":"418","year":418,"title":"Visigoths settled in Aquitaine","summary":"Constantius settles the Goths in the Garonne valley with Toulouse as capital: the first barbarian kingdom on Roman soil, created by Rome itself.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom","importance":5},"0429-vandals-cross-to-africa":{"date":"May 429","year":429,"title":"Vandals cross to Africa","summary":"Gaiseric ships his people, 80,000 according to Victor of Vita, from near Tarifa to Mauretania; the richest diocese of the West is invaded.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom","importance":5},"0430-siege-of-hippo-augustine-dies":{"date":"430","year":430,"title":"Siege of Hippo; Augustine dies","summary":"The Vandals besiege Hippo Regius for 14 months; Augustine dies inside the walls on 28 August.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo","importance":3},"0432-battle-of-ravenna-aetius-v-boniface":{"date":"432","year":432,"title":"Battle of Ravenna: Aetius v. Boniface","summary":"Rome's two best generals fight a civil war in Italy while the Vandals seize Africa; Boniface wins but dies of his wound, and Aetius returns with Hunnic backing.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ravenna_(432)","importance":3},"0433-aetius-becomes-patrician-and-supreme-commander":{"date":"433","year":433,"title":"Aetius becomes patrician and supreme commander","summary":"Backed by the Huns, Aetius takes control of the Western government for 21 years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius","importance":4},"0435-treaty-of-hippo":{"date":"435","year":435,"title":"Treaty of Hippo","summary":"Rome recognises Vandal control of Mauretania and Numidia in return for tribute; Gaiseric breaks it within four years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiseric","importance":3},"0439-vandals-capture-carthage":{"date":"19 Oct 439","year":439,"title":"Vandals capture Carthage","summary":"Gaiseric seizes the second city of the West by surprise. Africa's grain and taxes are lost; the Western budget never recovers.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom","importance":5},"0440-vandal-raid-on-sicily":{"date":"440","year":440,"title":"Vandal raid on Sicily","summary":"Gaiseric's new fleet raids Sicily and Bruttium; for the first time Rome faces a hostile navy in the western Mediterranean.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiseric","importance":3},"0441-eastern-expedition-to-sicily-abandoned":{"date":"441","year":441,"title":"Eastern expedition to Sicily abandoned","summary":"Theodosius II sends a fleet against the Vandals; a Hun invasion of the Balkans forces it home before it sails for Africa.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom","importance":3},"0442-treaty-recognises-vandal-africa":{"date":"442","year":442,"title":"Treaty recognises Vandal Africa","summary":"Valentinian III cedes Proconsularis, Byzacena and eastern Numidia to Gaiseric; Rome keeps the poorer Mauretanias. The Vandal kingdom is legal.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiseric","importance":4},"0445-valentinian-iii-s-novel-on-tax-exhaustion":{"date":"445","year":445,"title":"Valentinian III's novel on tax exhaustion","summary":"A law admits the state cannot meet army pay from a tax base 'exhausted' by the loss of Africa; new levies fall on the senatorial class.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III","importance":3},"0441-attila-s-first-balkan-war":{"date":"441–442","year":441,"title":"Attila's first Balkan war","summary":"The Huns sack Viminacium, Margus, Singidunum, Sirmium and Naissus; the Danube cities are devastated.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila","importance":4},"0443-east-triples-the-hun-tribute":{"date":"443","year":443,"title":"East triples the Hun tribute","summary":"After Attila's victories Constantinople agrees to 2,100 lb of gold a year plus 6,000 lb in arrears.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila","importance":3},"0451-huns-sack-metz":{"date":"7 Apr 451","year":451,"title":"Huns sack Metz","summary":"Attila's army crosses the Rhine and destroys Metz, Trier and Reims on its way to Orléans.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila","importance":3},"0451-battle-of-the-catalaunian-plains":{"date":"20 Jun 451","year":451,"title":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","summary":"Aetius with Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians and Alans fights Attila to a bloody standstill; King Theodoric I is killed. The last victory of a Western Roman army.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains","importance":5},"0452-attila-invades-italy-sacks-aquileia":{"date":"452","year":452,"title":"Attila invades Italy; sacks Aquileia","summary":"The Huns raze Aquileia (its refugees found Venice), take Milan and Pavia; Pope Leo I meets Attila on the Mincio and he withdraws, more likely from plague and famine than persuasion.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila","importance":4},"0453-attila-dies":{"date":"453","year":453,"title":"Attila dies","summary":"The Hun king dies of a haemorrhage on his wedding night; his sons quarrel over the succession.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila","importance":4},"0454-battle-of-nedao":{"date":"454","year":454,"title":"Battle of Nedao","summary":"Gepids, Ostrogoths and other subjects crush Attila's sons; the Hunnic empire disintegrates within a year of his death.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao","importance":4},"0454-valentinian-iii-murders-aetius":{"date":"21 Sep 454","year":454,"title":"Valentinian III murders Aetius","summary":"The emperor stabs his general to death at an audience in Ravenna. A courtier remarks that he has 'cut off his right hand with his left'.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius","importance":5},"0455-valentinian-iii-assassinated":{"date":"16 Mar 455","year":455,"title":"Valentinian III assassinated","summary":"Two of Aetius's retainers kill the emperor on the Campus Martius; the Theodosian dynasty ends and the West has no legitimate ruler.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III","importance":4},"0455-vandals-sack-rome":{"date":"2–16 Jun 455","year":455,"title":"Vandals sack Rome","summary":"Gaiseric's fleet lands at Ostia; Pope Leo persuades him not to burn the city, which is methodically stripped for two weeks. Empress Eudoxia and her daughters are carried to Carthage.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)","importance":5},"0455-avitus-proclaimed-emperor-by-the-visigoths":{"date":"9 Jul 455","year":455,"title":"Avitus proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths","summary":"A Gallic senator is raised at Toulouse with King Theodoric II's backing: the first emperor made by a barbarian king.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus","importance":3},"0456-ricimer-deposes-avitus":{"date":"17 Oct 456","year":456,"title":"Ricimer deposes Avitus","summary":"Defeated at Placentia, the emperor is made bishop of the city and dies soon after. Ricimer will make and unmake emperors for 16 years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimer","importance":4},"0457-majorian-proclaimed":{"date":"28 Dec 457","year":457,"title":"Majorian proclaimed","summary":"An able general becomes emperor with Ricimer's consent; he reforms taxation, protects the curials and plans to retake Africa.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorian","importance":4},"0458-majorian-recovers-gaul":{"date":"458","year":458,"title":"Majorian recovers Gaul","summary":"Defeating the Visigoths outside Arles and the Burgundians at Lyon, Majorian restores imperial authority in southern Gaul.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorian","importance":3},"0460-majorian-s-fleet-destroyed-at-cartagena":{"date":"460","year":460,"title":"Majorian's fleet destroyed at Cartagena","summary":"Betrayed by traitors, most of the 300 ships gathered to invade Africa are captured by the Vandals before sailing; the last Western attempt on Africa fails.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(461)","importance":4},"0461-majorian-executed-at-dertona":{"date":"7 Aug 461","year":461,"title":"Majorian executed at Dertona","summary":"Ricimer arrests and beheads the emperor who had become too independent; the last serious Western reformer is gone.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorian","importance":4},"0461-aegidius-breaks-with-ravenna":{"date":"461","year":461,"title":"Aegidius breaks with Ravenna","summary":"Majorian's general in northern Gaul refuses to recognise Ricimer's puppet Libius Severus; his Roman enclave at Soissons becomes a separate state.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_Soissons","importance":3},"0467-anthemius-installed-by-the-east":{"date":"12 Apr 467","year":467,"title":"Anthemius installed by the East","summary":"Leo I sends a Greek general as Western emperor with troops and a fleet; East and West plan a joint campaign to destroy the Vandals.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemius","importance":3},"0468-battle-of-cape-bon":{"date":"468","year":468,"title":"Battle of Cape Bon","summary":"The great expedition, 1,100 ships and 50,000 men costing perhaps 64,000 lb of gold, is destroyed by Vandal fireships off Carthage. Basiliscus flees; the East is near bankruptcy for 30 years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)","importance":5},"0469-euric-expands-from-toulouse":{"date":"469","year":469,"title":"Euric expands from Toulouse","summary":"The new Visigothic king, having murdered his brother, begins the conquest of the rest of Gaul and Spain, now openly against Rome.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euric","importance":3},"0471-anthemius-s-army-destroyed":{"date":"471","year":471,"title":"Anthemius's army destroyed","summary":"The emperor's son Anthemiolus is killed by Euric at the Rhône; the Western army can no longer defend Gaul.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemius","importance":3},"0475-orestes-ousts-nepos":{"date":"28 Aug 475","year":475,"title":"Orestes ousts Nepos","summary":"The magister militum, once Attila's secretary, marches on Ravenna; Nepos flees to Dalmatia.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)","importance":3},"0476-federate-troops-demand-a-third-of-italy":{"date":"476","year":476,"title":"Federate troops demand a third of Italy","summary":"Orestes refuses the land grant his Heruli, Sciri and Rugian soldiers want; they turn to their officer Odoacer.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer","importance":4},"0476-odoacer-proclaimed-king":{"date":"23 Aug 476","year":476,"title":"Odoacer proclaimed king","summary":"The federate army raises Odoacer as king (rex); he marches on Orestes.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer","importance":4},"0476-romulus-augustulus-deposed":{"date":"4 Sep 476","year":476,"title":"Romulus Augustulus deposed","summary":"Odoacer pensions the boy off to Campania and sends the imperial regalia to Zeno: the West no longer needs an emperor of its own. The conventional end of the Western Roman Empire.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus","importance":5},"0480-julius-nepos-murdered":{"date":"9 May 480","year":480,"title":"Julius Nepos murdered","summary":"The last Western emperor recognised by the East is killed by his retainers near Salona; Odoacer avenges him and takes Dalmatia.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nepos","importance":5},"0486-battle-of-soissons":{"date":"486","year":486,"title":"Battle of Soissons","summary":"Clovis defeats Syagrius and ends the last Roman state in Gaul; Syagrius is handed over by the Visigoths and executed.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(486)","importance":4},"0488-romans-evacuate-noricum":{"date":"488","year":488,"title":"Romans evacuate Noricum","summary":"Odoacer withdraws the last provincials from the Danube province to Italy; the body of St Severinus goes with them.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinus_of_Noricum","importance":3},"0493-theodoric-murders-odoacer":{"date":"15 Mar 493","year":493,"title":"Theodoric murders Odoacer","summary":"At a banquet celebrating their agreement to share Italy, Theodoric kills Odoacer with his own hand; the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy begins.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great","importance":4},"0496-battle-of-tolbiac-clovis-s-baptism":{"date":"c. 496","year":496,"title":"Battle of Tolbiac; Clovis's baptism","summary":"Victory over the Alamanni is followed by Clovis's Catholic baptism at Reims: the Franks, unlike the Arian Goths and Vandals, share their subjects' faith.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I","importance":3},"0500-battle-of-dijon":{"date":"500","year":500,"title":"Battle of Dijon","summary":"Clovis intervenes in the Burgundian civil war; Gundobad survives as king but Burgundy is weakened.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dijon","importance":2},"0507-battle-of-vouill":{"date":"507","year":507,"title":"Battle of Vouillé","summary":"Clovis kills Alaric II and drives the Visigoths out of Aquitaine; the Visigothic kingdom retreats to Spain with its capital eventually at Toledo.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9","importance":4},"0508-ostrogoths-take-provence":{"date":"508","year":508,"title":"Ostrogoths take Provence","summary":"Theodoric intervenes to stop the Franks reaching the Mediterranean and annexes Provence to Italy.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great","importance":2},"0511-clovis-dies-the-frankish-kingdom-divided":{"date":"511","year":511,"title":"Clovis dies; the Frankish kingdom divided","summary":"His four sons partition Gaul; the Merovingian kingdoms will nevertheless dominate the former Western Empire.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I","importance":2},"0533-battle-of-ad-decimum":{"date":"13 Sep 533","year":533,"title":"Battle of Ad Decimum","summary":"Belisarius defeats the Vandals outside Carthage with 15,000 men; he enters the city the next day.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum","importance":4},"0533-battle-of-tricamarum":{"date":"15 Dec 533","year":533,"title":"Battle of Tricamarum","summary":"Gelimer's army is destroyed; the Vandal kingdom ends after 94 years and Africa is Roman again.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum","importance":4},"0534-burgundy-annexed-by-the-franks":{"date":"534","year":534,"title":"Burgundy annexed by the Franks","summary":"The sons of Clovis destroy the Burgundian kingdom; Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearics pass to Justinian with Africa.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians","importance":2},"0535-belisarius-takes-sicily":{"date":"535","year":535,"title":"Belisarius takes Sicily","summary":"The Gothic War begins with the easy conquest of the island; Naples falls after a siege in 536.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)","importance":3},"0536-volcanic-winter-the-late-antique-little-ice-age-":{"date":"536","year":536,"title":"Volcanic winter: the Late Antique Little Ice Age begins","summary":"A huge eruption dims the sun for 18 months; crops fail across Europe and a cooling lasting over a century begins.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_winter_of_536","importance":4},"0537-goths-cut-the-aqueducts-of-rome":{"date":"537","year":537,"title":"Goths cut the aqueducts of Rome","summary":"During the siege Witiges severs the aqueducts; the great baths fall silent and the city's water comes from the Tiber for the next thousand years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)","importance":3},"0539-milan-destroyed":{"date":"539","year":539,"title":"Milan destroyed","summary":"The Goths and Burgundians retake Milan and massacre its male population; the Po valley is ruined.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Milan","importance":3},"0541-plague-of-justinian":{"date":"541","year":541,"title":"Plague of Justinian","summary":"Bubonic plague arrives at Pelusium from Egypt and reaches Constantinople in 542, where it is said to kill 5,000 a day; the first pandemic of Yersinia pestis.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian","importance":5},"0546-totila-takes-and-empties-rome":{"date":"546","year":546,"title":"Totila takes and empties Rome","summary":"The Gothic king captures Rome after a long siege; for 40 days the city has no inhabitants at all, its population now a few tens of thousands.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)","importance":4},"0552-battle-of-taginae":{"date":"Jul 552","year":552,"title":"Battle of Taginae","summary":"Narses destroys the Gothic army; Totila is killed in the retreat.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae","importance":3},"0554-pragmatic-sanction":{"date":"13 Aug 554","year":554,"title":"Pragmatic Sanction","summary":"Justinian reorganises Italy as an imperial province governed from Ravenna; the Senate and the old Roman magistracies are restored on paper.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_554","importance":3},"0555-imperial-spain":{"date":"555","year":555,"title":"Imperial Spain","summary":"Byzantine forces take Cartagena and the southern coast; the province of Spania lasts until 624.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania","importance":2},"0565-justinian-dies":{"date":"14 Nov 565","year":565,"title":"Justinian dies","summary":"The last Latin-speaking emperor leaves a reunited Mediterranean, an empty treasury and a plague-ravaged population.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I","importance":3},"0568-lombards-invade-italy":{"date":"568","year":568,"title":"Lombards invade Italy","summary":"Alboin leads the Lombards across the Alps; within a decade most of inland Italy is lost and the reconquest unravels.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards","importance":4},"0590-gregory-the-great-becomes-pope":{"date":"590","year":590,"title":"Gregory the Great becomes pope","summary":"A Roman aristocrat governs a city of ruins, feeds its people from church estates and sends missionaries to the English: the papacy inherits Rome's role in the West.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I","importance":2},"0640-arab-conquests-of-syria-and-egypt":{"date":"636–642","year":640,"title":"Arab conquests of Syria and Egypt","summary":"The Eastern Empire loses its richest provinces to the Caliphate within a decade: the 'fall' the East did not suffer in the 5th century arrives in the 7th.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests","importance":3},"0800-charlemagne-crowned-emperor-in-rome":{"date":"25 Dec 800","year":800,"title":"Charlemagne crowned emperor in Rome","summary":"Pope Leo III revives the Western imperial title for a Frankish king: the ghost of Rome haunts Europe for another thousand years.","wiki":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne","importance":4}}}